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The research analyzes the network of the Ragusan Jews between the end of 16th and the begin of 17th century. It focalized the social and economic links of the Sephardic group as "trait d'union" of the Adriatic-Balkan trade networks. The research is focused on time frame 1585-1635 in chronological continuity to the studies of Alberto Tenenti, indeed he was the first scholar to draw the attention to the turning point of the trade structure in the Republic of Ragusa in the year 1590 because the arise of the Sephardic merchants.

Nobility.

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In the 14th and 15th centuries the Counts of Arco, settled immediately north of Lake Garda, played an important 'hinge function', linking politically now with the powers of the strong Italian cities. The Counts of Arco had close cultural and political relations especially with Brescia and Verona.

Feudalism. --- Nobility

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Ippolito II d'Este (1509-1572), cardinal and prince of Ferrara, played a crucial role in shaping the political and cultural connections between Italy and France. Seen by his contemporaries as staunchly 'French', his life rather followed a difficult balance between the political and spatial entities - Rome, Paris, and Ferrara - through which he continuously moved and from which he derived his power. Following his career as cardinal protector of the Valois crown, royal administrator of Siena on behalf of Henry II, and papal legate to France on the eve of the Wars of Religion, this book argues that Ippolito's apparent diplomatic access ultimately weakened his family's position in Italy and left it ill-equipped to compete in the changing politics of the peninsula.

Cardinals --- Nobility --- Este, Ippolito d',

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Ippolito II d'Este (1509-1572), cardinal and prince of Ferrara, played a crucial role in shaping the political and cultural connections between Italy and France. Seen by his contemporaries as staunchly ¿́¿French', his life rather followed a difficult balance between the political and spatial entities ¿́¿ Rome, Paris, and Ferrara ¿́¿ through which he continuously moved and from which he derived his power. Following his career as cardinal protector of the Valois crown, royal administrator of Siena on behalf of Henry II, and papal legate to France on the eve of the Wars of Religion, this book argues that Ippolito's apparent diplomatic access ultimately weakened his family's position in Italy and left it ill-equipped to compete in the changing politics of the peninsula.

Nobility. --- Papacy. --- Courts and courtiers. --- France.

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The immense ideological significance that the city of Rome held since the times of the late republic corresponded until the 2nd century AD with the actual supremacy of the urbs within the Imperium Romanum: Rome was the place where socially and politically influential players and groups met; it was where they tried to create an atmosphere of mutual understanding and agreement through complex ways of interaction. Until well into the imperial era the senatorial aristocracy considered the interacting presence of Rome as a major constant of their lifestyle. At least until the 1st century AD the emperors could not disengage themselves from the reference framework that the city was. Therefore, the forms and the reasons for aristocratic and imperial absence are of particular interest. Which role the absence of Rome played in the system of aristocratic interaction and which implications it had for politics and the society of the late republic and the early imperial era is the subject of the present study. Astrid Habenstein's work was awarded by the Historical Institute at the University of Bern with the prize for the best PhD-thesis in 2012. Der immensen ideellen Bedeutung, die der Stadt Rom seit der späten Republik zugemessen wurde, entsprach bis in das 2. Jhd. n. Chr. die reale Vorrangstellung der urbs im Imperium Romanum: In Rom trafen die gesellschaftlich und politisch maßgebenden Akteure und Gruppen aufeinander, hier versuchten sie in Form komplexer Interaktionen gegenseitiges Verständnis und Einvernehmen herzustellen. Bis in die Kaiserzeit betrachtete die Senatsaristokratie die interagierende Präsenz in Rom als wesentliche Größe ihrer Lebensführung. Zumindest im 1. Jhd. n. Chr. konnten sich auch die Kaiser nicht vom Referenzrahmen der Stadt lösen. Umso interessanter sind Formen und Anlässe aristokratischer oder kaiserlicher Absenz. Welche Funktionen die Abwesenheit von Rom im System der aristokratischen Interaktion hatte und welche Implikationen dies für Politik und Gesellschaft der späten Republik und frühen Kaiserzeit mit sich brachte, ist Gegenstand der vorliegenden Studie. Die Arbeit wurde 2012 mit dem Preis des Historischen Instituts der Universität Bern für die beste Dissertation des Jahres 2012 ausgezeichnet.

Nobility --- Exiles --- Rome --- Politics and government --- Persons --- Aliens --- Deportees --- Refugees